Just as the education-reform movement is starting to figure out how to use test-score data in a more sophisticated way, the Obama administration and its allies in the civil-rights community want to take us back to the Stone Age on the use of school-discipline data. This is an enormous mistake.
We all know that there are real problems with the ways that discipline is meted out in some American schools today. You can find campuses where huge numbers of students are suspended or expelled, particularly African American and Latino teenagers and mostly boys. Those young people are extraordinarily likely to end up in America’s bloated prison system as adults, causing all manner of societal suffering along the way, not to mention blighting their own lives. “Zero tolerance” policies—by removing administrator discretion and treating all offenses as equally injurious—have arguably made things worse.
I whole-heartedly support efforts to improve the ways that schools handle these issues; tips and training on creating a positive school culture and reducing suspensions and expulsions are welcome. Nor do I doubt that some of America’s 100,000-plus schools discriminate against minority children. Russlynn Ali, the former assistant secretary for civil rights at the U.S. Department of Education, talks about the district where a black Kindergartener gets suspended for pulling a fire alarm while a white tenth grader does the same thing and gets off with a warning. That’s wrong, and I’m grateful that students who face such discriminatory actions can file complaints with OCR.
Still, the administration’s recent decision to apply “disparate impact theory” to its school-discipline enforcement policy is hugely problematic and surely destined to prove counterproductive. It is also certain to have a chilling effect on the use of appropriate school-discipline measures, which puts the entire school-improvement project at risk.
The key part of the administration’s ill-conceived school-discipline policy states,
The administration of student discipline can result in unlawful discrimination based on race in two ways: first, if a student is subjected to different treatment based on the student’s race, and second, if a policy is neutral on its face—meaning that the policy itself does not mention race—and is administered in an evenhanded manner but has a disparate impact, i.e., a disproportionate and unjustified effect on students of a particular race.
As eminent legal scholar Richard Epstein explains in his newly published Education Next article,
Much of the analysis turns on the word “unjustified.” Disproportionate rates should not be regarded as unjustified merely because they reflect higher rates of improper behavior by minority students than by white students. But this point is never explicitly acknowledged in the ED and DOJ guidance.
This is the heart of the matter. What if African American and Latino students actually misbehave at higher rates than do white and Asian students? If that’s the case, then race-neutral discipline policies, fairly applied, will result in a greater proportion of minority students receiving punishments. Yet the administration is saying that educators whose legitimate, even necessary, actions produce that result can still be charged with discrimination. Epstein rightly asks,
Just what sanction should apply to a school where discipline is imposed on a color-blind standard yet has statistically imperfect outcomes? Should some white students be summarily suspended, expelled, or otherwise sanctioned to make the numbers come out correctly? Or should schools give a pass to black students who have committed serious offenses in order to achieve the same ends?
Lamentably, it cannot surprise us if minority students today misbehave at “disproportionate” rates. African American and Latino children in America are much more likely to face challenges that put them “at risk” for antisocial behavior. They are more likely to be poor (and much more likely to be extremely poor); more likely to grow up in a single-parent family (nearly always headed by a mother, which is especially problematic for boys growing up); much more likely to have a parent in prison; and much more likely to live in neighborhoods where poverty is concentrated. Civil-rights enforcers should, at minimum, consider these “background variables.” Yet the administration’s policy looks at race alone. No social scientist, regardless of ideology, would consider such an approach sound.
Note, too, that while the administration’s letter declares that disparate impact data won’t be the end of the story (they will “investigate all relevant circumstances, such as the facts surrounding a student’s actions and the discipline imposed”), it also doesn’t say that such data would be used only as a red flag. That might be a reasonable approach (again, if controls are in place for poverty status and other risk factors). The data would raise questions; a site visit would offer answers. Yet the administration’s position is much more radical, stating clearly that a “policy that is neutral on its face” and “administered in an even-handed manner” can still “result in unlawful discrimination” if it has a “disproportionate and unjustified effect on students of a particular race.” Under this reasoning, if the numbers “don’t come out right,” administrators are presumed to be guilty of discrimination.
Can they be serious? Alas, they surely are.
Can they not take a lesson from America’s experience with the uses of test-score data in making judgments about educators and schools? In that realm, we’ve made significant progress over the past fifteen years. “Back then,” we typically evaluated schools based on average test scores alone. Then, under No Child Left Behind, we moved to a bit of nuance by disaggregating proficiency rates by racial and other subgroups. Still, that law became notorious for labeling schools as failures just because they served large proportions of poor students, even though some of those schools are making encouraging annual gains with their populations. We’re finally looking at growth over time, rather than a snapshot in time, and when it comes to teachers, we’re complementing test-score data with observations and other on-the-ground information. (I believe we should be doing the same when evaluating schools, as charter school authorizers do.)
Yet self-styled accountability hawks, such as Dropout Nation’s RiShawn Biddle, applaud the crude use of student-discipline data. His argument, as far as I can tell, is that discrimination happens and that the administration’s crusade is necessary lest bad actors—bad adult actors, that is—be let off the hook. But again, the question isn’t whether some schools out there are violating students’ civil rights; surely they are, and they should be sanctioned for it. It’s equating “disparate impact” with “racial discrimination.”
C. Todd Jones, a deputy assistant secretary in the office for civil rights in the George W. Bush Administration, explained why this is so pernicious.
Remember, OCR investigations which result in evidence of a violation almost always end with a consent agreement. This means that in the real world, OCR will be pushing for consent agreements binding districts where the only evidence that they did anything wrong will be statistical.
A nation that presumes that law enforcement investigation is necessary based on statistical disparity is a nation that is disposing of the presumption of lawful behavior. As one who used to enforce these laws, I am quite certain that there are districts that are discriminating against people on the basis of race just as certainly as I am convinced that other districts are not. However, when our chief law enforcement agency encourages review in this manner, it will push an ever shifting collection of school leaders into a presumption of unlawful behavior that is only to be satisfied by someone else’s (OCR’s) evaluation of the remaining evidence. This inevitably will force those school leaders to ignore that which they cannot otherwise quantify, which is a diminution of the professional trust of administrators just as surely as zero-tolerance policies are.
President Obama’s policy will have a predictable effect: eliminating suspensions and expulsions as an option for school administrators. Districts (and charter schools) will simply decide that enforcing any discipline code is too risky. Such a “zero tolerance” policy will further erode adult authority in our schools, force educators to keep disruptive students in classrooms, and curtail the learning of those students’ peers.
Educators often complain that policymakers stack the decks against them. In this case, regrettably, they’re not wrong.
