In November, the NAACP challenged all fifty states to produce five-year plans to dramatically reduce the academic achievement gap between white and minority students. By last Sunday, when the NAACP opened its national convention, all but eleven states had submitted action plans. NAACP officials say they are preparing to file federal civil rights complaints against three states that have large minority populations and did not file action plans (Florida, Louisiana, and Ohio). For details see "NAACP's focus shifts to education disparities," by Kim Cobb, Houston Chronicle, July 6, 2002.